Analysis of Surveyor 3 Material and Photographs Returned By Apollo 12 - Paperback

by National Aeronautics and Administration (Author)

Surveyor 3 was one of five automated spacecraft that successfully soft-landed and operated on the lunar surface, acquired a vast amount of new scientific and engineering data, and provided a firm foundation for subsequent manned landings on the Moon. When we designed and launched these Surveyors, there was no plan for them to be visited by astronauts in subsequent manned missions. Some of us, however, had the quiet hope that, at some later date, astronauts would walk up to a landed Surveyor, examine and photograph it and the surrounding terrain, and remove and return to Earth selected components for engineering and scientific studies. Such an opportunity was provided by the Apollo 12 mission. Thirty-one months after Surveyor 3 landed, the crew of Apollo 12 photographed the spacecraft and its landing site, and removed and brought back a number of selected components. These parts, which included the television camera, were analyzed to determine the effects on the hardware of the long exposure to the lunar environment. The returned material and photographs have been studied and evaluated by 40 teams of engineering and scientific investigators over a period of more than 1 year. A few tasks are still in process and several proposals for additional studies have been received. This report represents a compilation of the main engineering and scientific results to date. Engineering studies of the television camera show that the complex electromechanical components, optics, and solid-state electronics were remarkably resistant to the severe lunar surface environment over 32 lunar day/night cycles with their extremes of temperature and long exposure to solar and cosmic radiation. These results indicate that the state of technology, even as it existed some years ago, is capable of producing reliable hardware that makes feasible long-life lunar and planetary installations. Scientific studies of the returned Surveyor parts provide new data in many fields and provide further confirmation that specially designed recoverable experiments should have great value in the study of the space environment.